Radical saints and conservative churches: Cynewulf's <i>Juliana</i> in its cultural context
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The Department of English seeks to provide all university students with the skills of effective communication and critical thinking, as well as imparting knowledge of literature, creative writing, linguistics, speech and technical communication to students within and outside of the department.
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The Department of English and Speech was formed in 1939 from the merger of the Department of English and the Department of Public Speaking. In 1971 its name changed to the Department of English.
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1939-present
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- Department of English and Speech (1939-1971)
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- College of Liberal Arts and Sciences (parent college)
- Department of English (predecessor, 1898-1939)
- Department of Public Speaking (predecessor, 1898-1939)
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Abstract
Cynewulf's poem, Juliana, relates the story of a female saint who is remarkably independent and authoritative, denying any obligation to follow legal, cultural, or familial expectations that conflict with her understanding of her Christian faith. Historical evidence indicates that Juliana and stories like it enjoyed wide promotion from the ninth-century English church and wide veneration from many different kinds of people. However, the church itself did not advocate the radicalism Juliana seems to promote. Instead it was conservative, interested in maintaining its influence and the status quo rather than in promoting independent practices of faith. The question emerges: how could the church simultaneously promote stories about radical saints and advocate a fundamentally conservative practice of faith? This paper proposes four potential ways that the church could reconcile this apparent contradiction. One is to emphasize Juliana's status as a saint rather than a common believer. Another possibility is to promote "legitimate" authority in the face of the "illegitimate" authority of Viking attackers. Yet a third perspective is to emphasize the way saints as a whole interact with people on earth, and finally, to emphasize the way in which people on earth can maintain a proper relationship with heaven. These four areas potentially allowed the church to interpret Juliana's independent, unmediated faith in a way which let it simultaneously promote her independence and its own communal, mediated faith.