Contextual stress (e.g., economic pressure, acculturative stress) places rural children at risk for adverse outcomes. Prior studies using rural samples to understand the stress processes at the individual and family levels have been predominantly dyadic in focus. Given family members are interdependent, it is interesting to explore whether family variables of particular interest on the family process as a whole can help explain the stress process. Guided by the family stress model, this dissertation used structural equation modeling to explore the relationships among contextual stress (i.e., economic pressure, acculturative stress), individual process (e.g., maternal depressive symptoms), family process (e.g., family rituals) and child behavior outcomes among rural low-income families in general as well as rural low-income families of Latinx origin. Data were collected from rural low-income mothers who participated in a multi-state project Rural Families Speak about Health (RFSH) and an outgrowth project focusing on rural Latinx immigrant families in the Midwest.

Overall, the findings confirmed the significant roles of individual and family processes in the relation between contextual stress and rural low-income child behavior outcomes. In particular, the findings provided empirical evidence, albeit preliminary, to support the extension and elaboration of the FSM in ways that include family rituals as a mediator and acculturative stress as a contextual stressor specific to culture. In the first study, economic pressure was associated with more maternal depressive symptoms, which in turn was related to weaker co-parenting alliance. Family rituals might serve as a mediator between co-parenting alliance and child externalizing behaviors for rural low-income families in general. The economic stress process did not vary by families with different age groups of children (i.e., younger vs. older children). In the second study, maternal depressive symptoms, as influenced by economic pressure and acculturative stress, was associated with lower levels of parenting competence, which in turn was related to less meaning ascribed in family rituals and heightened risk for child externalizing behaviors for low-income Latinx immigrant families in the rural Midwest. Implications, including recommendations for future research and suggestions for practice and policy were also discussed.