In the past decade the issue of stray voltage has evoked growing concern. Since the late 1970's and early 1980's numerous farms with stray voltage have been identified in the upper midwest and east coast regions of the U.S. and Canada. Due to the significance of the problem, many extension bulletins and articles have been published. On farms where stray voltage has been identified; losses of milk production and income have been noted. Stray voltage has been blamed for cow deaths, dead and deformed calves, subnormal reproduction, mastitis, metabolic disorders, low production, warts on teats, bad feet and legs, respiratory disorders, switching tails, a depressed immune system, many types of behavioral problems, quarters not milking out, and many other maladies.