Stamped multilayer graphene laminates for disposable in-field electrodes: application to electrochemical sensing of hydrogen peroxide and glucose
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The Department of Chemistry seeks to provide students with a foundation in the fundamentals and application of chemical theories and processes of the lab. Thus prepared they me pursue careers as teachers, industry supervisors, or research chemists in a variety of domains (governmental, academic, etc).
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The Department of Chemistry was founded in 1880.
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1880-present
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- College of Liberal Arts and Sciences (parent college)
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Abstract
A multi-step approach is described for the fabrication of multi-layer graphene-based electrodes without the need for ink binders or post-print annealing. Graphite and nanoplatelet graphene were chemically exfoliated using a modified Hummers’ method and the dried material was thermally expanded. Expanded materials were used in a 3D printed mold and stamp to create laminate electrodes on various substrates. The laminates were examined for potential sensing applications using model systems of peroxide (H2O2) and enzymatic glucose detection. Within the context of these two assay systems, platinum nanoparticle electrodeposition and oxygen plasma treatment were examined as methods for improving sensitivity. Electrodes made from both materials displayed excellent H2O2sensing capability compared to screen-printed carbon electrodes. Laminates made from expanded graphite and treated with platinum, detected H2O2 at a working potential of 0.3 V (vs. Ag/AgCl [0.1 M KCl]) with a 1.91 μM detection limit and sensitivity of 64 nA·μM−1·cm−2. Electrodes made from platinum treated nanoplatelet graphene had a H2O2 detection limit of 1.98 μM (at 0.3 V), and a sensitivity of 16.5 nA·μM−1·cm−2. Both types of laminate electrodes were also tested as glucose sensors via immobilization of the enzyme glucose oxidase. The expanded nanographene material exhibited a wide analytical range for glucose (3.7 μM to 9.9 mM) and a detection limit of 1.2 μM. The sensing range of laminates made from expanded graphite was slightly reduced (9.8 μM to 9.9 mM) and the detection limit for glucose was higher (18.5 μM). When tested on flexible substrates, the expanded graphite laminates demonstrated excellent adhesion and durability during testing. These properties make the electrodes adaptable to a variety of tests for field-based or wearable sensing applications.
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This article is published as Stromberg, Loreen R., John A. Hondred, Delaney Sanborn, Deyny Mendivelso-Perez, Srikanthan Ramesh, Iris V. Rivero, Josh Kogot, Emily Smith, Carmen Gomes, and Jonathan C. Claussen. "Stamped multilayer graphene laminates for disposable in-field electrodes: application to electrochemical sensing of hydrogen peroxide and glucose." Microchimica Acta 186, no. 8 (2019): 533. DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-3639-7.