Ammonia Emissions of Laying Hens as Affected by Stocking Density and Manure Accumulation Time

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2010-06-01
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Mendes, Luciano
Xin, Hongwei
Li, Hong
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Xin, Hongwei
Distinguished Professor Emeritus
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Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering

Since 1905, the Department of Agricultural Engineering, now the Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering (ABE), has been a leader in providing engineering solutions to agricultural problems in the United States and the world. The department’s original mission was to mechanize agriculture. That mission has evolved to encompass a global view of the entire food production system–the wise management of natural resources in the production, processing, storage, handling, and use of food fiber and other biological products.

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In 1905 Agricultural Engineering was recognized as a subdivision of the Department of Agronomy, and in 1907 it was recognized as a unique department. It was renamed the Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering in 1990. The department merged with the Department of Industrial Education and Technology in 2004.

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1905–present

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  • Department of Agricultural Engineering (1907–1990)

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Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Abstract

Different stocking densities (SDs) or space allocations are being practiced in commercial laying-hen operations as an attempt to improve hen welfare. Information concerning the impact of SD on accumulated manure properties (e.g., moisture content) and thus ammonia (NH3) emissions is limited in the literature. Bird SD affects the amount of manure per unit of accumulated manure surface area, which may affect the NH3 emission from the accumulated manure. A lab-scale study was conducted that resembled the conditions of manure-belt laying-hen houses for, with the objectives of (a) determining NH3 emission rate (ER) of W36 laying hens housed under different SDs; (b) measuring the NH3 emissions from laying hen manure during 7-d manure accumulation time (MAT); and (c) delineating the dynamics of feed disappearance, manure production and NH3 ER during dark and light periods. Two different SDs were evaluated, 413 vs. 620 cm2/hen (64 vs. 96 in2/hen), designated as HD and LD, respectively. Ammonia ER was expressed in the units of NH3 emission per bird, per kg of feed nitrogen (N) disappearance, per kg of as-is and dry manure, per kg egg output, per m2 of projected manure surface area (PMA), and per animal unit (AU, 500 kg BW). Results show that SD effect on NH3 ER is more pronounced for MAT = 3d, where led to higher ER. Specifically, NH3 emissions from the 3rd to 7th d MAT ranged from 41 to 307 mg/hen-d for HD and from 29 to 188 mg/hen-d for LD. This outcome supports the current industry practice of removing manure at 1- to 3-d MAT for the manure-belt house systems. Daily NH3 ER increases exponentially with MAT (P<0.0001). The results also showed that hourly NH3 ER during the night or dark period was as high as the hourly emissions during the daytime or light period.

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This is an ASABE Meeting Presentation, Paper No. 1009252.

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Fri Jan 01 00:00:00 UTC 2010