Research on short rotation woody crops (SRWC) systems has been conducted in the North Central states since the early 1970's. Poplars have been the major tree genus used in these studies. This research has paid dividends as poplars now are being used in the establishment of demonstration and operational plantations for the production of biomass energy for on-farm use, institutional heating, and small industry power. Populus is also playing a key role in the development of new systems for temperate zone agroforestry that will supply wood energy while providing environmental benefits.