In opening this session, moderator Barbara Devaney noted that the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) might affect health care costs in two opposing ways and suggested that the speakers might address these effects. On one hand, WIC may lead to improved dietary and health behaviors that would lead to better health, fewer adverse health outcomes, and reduced health care costs. On the other hand, it is possible that WIC’s referrals and improved linkages to the health care system could lead to increased health care utilization and increased health care costs.