Enabling Inkjet Printed Graphene for Ion Selective Electrodes with Postprint Thermal Annealing

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2017-02-20
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He, Qing
Das, Suprem
Garland, Nathaniel
Jing, Dapeng
Hondred, John
Cargill, Allison
Ding, Shaowei
Karunakaran, Chandran
Claussen, Jonathan
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Claussen, Jonathan
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Mechanical Engineering
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Ames National LaboratoryMechanical Engineering
Abstract

Inkjet printed graphene (IPG) has recently shown tremendous promise in reducing the cost and complexity of graphene circuit fabrication. Herein we demonstrate, for the first time, the fabrication of an ion selective electrode (ISE) with IPG. A thermal annealing process in a nitrogen ambient environment converts the IPG into a highly conductive electrode (sheet resistance changes from 52.8 ± 7.4 MΩ/□ for unannealed graphene to 172.7 ± 33.3 Ω/□ for graphene annealed at 950 °C). Raman spectroscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) analysis reveals that the printed graphene flakes begin to smooth at an annealing temperature of 500 °C and then become more porous and more electrically conductive when annealed at temperatures of 650 °C and above. The resultant thermally annealed, IPG electrodes are converted into potassium ISEs via functionalization with a poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) membrane and valinomycin ionophore. The developed potassium ISE displays a wide linear sensing range (0.01–100 mM), a low detection limit (7 μM), minimal drift (8.6 × 10–6 V/s), and a negligible interference during electrochemical potassium sensing against the backdrop of interfering ions [i.e., sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), and calcium (Ca)] and artificial eccrine perspiration. Thus, the IPG ISE shows potential for potassium detection in a wide variety of human fluids including plasma, serum, and sweat.

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Reprinted with permission from He, Qing, Suprem R. Das, Nathaniel T. Garland, Dapeng Jing, John A. Hondred, Allison A. Cargill, Shaowei Ding, Chandran Karunakaran, and Jonathan C. Claussen. "Enabling Inkjet Printed Graphene for Ion Selective Electrodes with Postprint Thermal Annealing." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 9, no. 14 (2017): 12719-12727. DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b00092. Copyright 2017 American Chemical Society.

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Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 UTC 2017
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