Epoxy Cure Observed by Ultrasound, NMR and WAXS

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1999
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Challis, R.
Freemantle, R.
Fuller, W.
Martin, C.
Mahendrasingham, A.
Chadwick, D.
Cocker, R.
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Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation
Center for Nondestructive Evaluation

Begun in 1973, the Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation (QNDE) is the premier international NDE meeting designed to provide an interface between research and early engineering through the presentation of current ideas and results focused on facilitating a rapid transfer to engineering development.

This site provides free, public access to papers presented at the annual QNDE conference between 1983 and 1999, and abstracts for papers presented at the conference since 2001.

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The motivation behind this work was a requirement to optimise the cure cycles of adhesive used in the construction of automotive body shells and to establish the tolerance of the adhesive to uneven heating during cure, and to variation in the ratio of resin to hardener in the adhesive mixture. The rationale was that ultrasonic compression wave (CW) measurements on curing epoxy were relatively easy [1,2], and that increases in CW propagation velocity during cure corresponded to the development of mechanical moduli, given only small changes in the density of the adhesive during cure. Of interest was the way in which CW measurements relate to the evolving chemistry and structure in the adhesive, how they relate to the development of shear strength, and whether CW absorption measurements could be useful in tracking the cure cycle. In this work we have compared wide bandwidth measurements of absorption for both compression and shear (SW) waves. CW measurements were also compared to wide angle x-ray scattering (WAXS) measurements and to low resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements in order to relate what was observable by ultrasound to the evolving structure in the adhesive and to the progress of the cure reaction. In a parallel study, not reported here, we have also made comparisons between CW and dielectric spectroscopy.

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Fri Jan 01 00:00:00 UTC 1999