Urbanization has been cited as an important factor in worldwide amphibian declines. Although recent work has illustrated the influence of broad-scale ecological patterns and processes on amphibian populations, little is known about the relative importance of wetland habitat and landscape context on the distribution, abundance, and diversity of anurans in urban landscapes. We therefore examined patterns of anuran community structure and wetland occupancy along an urban-rural gradient in central Iowa, USA. Landscape fragmentation had the strongest influence on anuran community structure, influencing most the abundance of species that use upland habitats outside the breeding season. Urban habitat loss and fragmentation were also the strongest determinants of wetland occupancy for all species. This study underscores the importance of a regional approach to amphibian conservation; in fragmented landscapes, a network of interconnected wetland and upland habitats may be more likely to support a successful, diverse anuran community than will isolated sites.